Our Earth Cup

(Angel and Me) 

Scores for Earth cup

Tae/Sean : 9

Nudee/Cake: 9

Boss/Millita: 9

Desmond/Jai: 8.5

Jira/Jacob: 10

Rew/One: 8.5

Nick/Big: 7

Jack/Sunand: 10

Rutuja P./ Rutuja S : 8

Ryan/Ayanna: 7

Pile/Thanya: 8.5

Devanshi/Missell : 9

Rushita/Suranjana: Not enough time to see their earth cup :'(

Picture of Our Earth Cup

Our earth cup topic is Eco-keyboard.

PAWS Reflection

Shark Guardians Reflection

Yesterday, our grade 7 class went to the dancing room and we listened to the Shark Guardian's presentation with little kids from primary. Ms. Liz was the person who performed the presentation. It was very fun and cool. We learned many different types of sharks. The most teeny tiny sharks to most largest sharks. They lives near the equator. They live near the equator because most of the sharks like to stay in the warm water.  She also told us about her experience and her boyfriends'. She said that her most special experience was to dive in the water in the cage. She loves sharks a lot. If I was the one to experience the cage diving, I would be really scared of sharks which is swimming around the cage. However, i really like sharks.

So, please....  please .... please!!! Don't kill the adorable sharks! :'(

In Honor Of Earth Week

“Earth provides enough to satisfy every man's

needs, but not every man's greed.” 

― Mahatma Gandhi

NOTE TAKING : OCEANS!

SECTION 1 

:EARTH'S OCEAN!

• 71% of the Earth's Surface is covered with water.
• Global Ocean is divided by to continents into four oceans.
• Pacific Ocean- Largest Ocean
• Atlantic Ocean- Second largest Ocean (half of Pacific Ocean)
• Indian Ocean- third largest ocean
• Arctic Ocean-Smallest Ocean

How Did The Oceans Form?

• About 4.5 Billion years ago, there were no oceans.
• Volcanoes spewed lava,ash, and gases all over the planet.
• The volcanic gases began to form Earth's atmosphere.
• And earth is cooling.
• 4 billion years ago, Earth cooled enough for water to condense.
• And then, this water began to fall as rain.
• The rain filled the deeper levels of Earth's surface, and the ocean formed.
• The shape of oceans changed over time.

Ocean water is Salty

• The salt in the Ocean is the same kind of salt we put in our food.
• The salt is called sodium chloride.
• Salts have been added to the ocean for billions of years.
• As river and streams flow toward the oceans, they dissolve various minerals.
• And the running water carries these dissolved minerals to the ocean.
• At the same time, the water leaves the dissolved solids behind.
• The most abundant dissolved solids in the ocean is sodium chloride.
• The component consists of the elements sodium: Na, and chlorine:Cl.
• The percentage of Dissolved solid in Ocean water.
• Chlorine =    55.0%
• Sodium  =    30.6%
• Magnesium=7.7%
• Sulfur     =    3.7%
• Calcium=     1.2%
• Potassium=  1.1%
• Others=       0.7%

Chock-Full of Solids

• A measure of thee amount of dissolved solids in a water, amount of liquid is called Salinity.
• Salinity is usually measured as grams of dissolved solids per kilogram of water. ( 1kg= 1000g)

Climate Affects Salinity

• Some parts of the ocean are saltier than others.
• Depends in places with hotter, drier climates typically has more salt.
• Reason is that it increases the evaporation rate.
• Evaporation leaves salts and other dissolved solids behind.
• Salinity lower in cooler places.

Water Movement Affects Salinity

• Water movements also affects Salinity.
• Some parts of the ocean, such as bays, gulfs, and seas, move less than other parts.
• Parts of the ocean that do not have currents running through them can also be slow moving.
• Slower moving areas of water develop higher salinity.

Temperature Zones

• Temperature of ocean water decreases as depth increases.
• However, this temperature change does not happen gradually from the ocean's surface to its bottom.
• Water in ocean can be divided into three layers by temperature.
• Surface Zone
• Warm, top layer of the ocean water.
• Can extend to 300 m below sea level.
• Thermocline
• Second layer.
• Can be extend from 300 m below sea level to 700 m below sea level.
• Temperature drops with increased depth faster than it does in the other two zones.
• Deep Zone
• most bottom zone
• temperature can be 1'C to 3'C.

Water Cycle

• Water Cycle=  The continuous movement of water from the ocean to the atmosphere to the land back to the ocean.
• Condensation
• Evaporation
• Precipitation

Global Thermostat

• The ocean plays important role- keeps the Earth suitable for life. 
• Important function- absorb energy from the sunlight.
• Absorbing the energy from sunlight regulates temperature in the atmosphere.

A Thermal Exchange

• Ocean release Thermal energy much more slower than dry land.

Have Heat, Will Travel

• The ocean regulates temperatures at different location of the Earth.
• At the equator, the sun's rays are more direct than at the poles.
• In result. the water there are warmer than water at higher latitudes.

SECTION 2

:THE OCEAN FLOOR

Seeing By Sonar

• Sonar stands for sound navigation and ranging.
• Scientists use sonar to determine the ocean's depth by sending sound pulse from a ship.
• The sound moves through the water, bounces off the ocean floor, and returns to the ship.
• The longer it takes the depth is deeper.
• Then, scientists calculate the depth by multiplying half the travel time by the speed in water (about 1,500 m/s) 

Oceanography via Satellite

• Satellite- used to measure the direction and speed of ocean currents.
• In 1978, scientists launched satellite seasat which focused on ocean.

Studying the Ocean with Geosat

• Geosat, Once a top-secret military satellite.
• Has been used to measure slight changes in the height of the ocean's surface, different underwater features, such as mountains and trenches, affect the height of the water above them.

The Ocean Floor

• Continental Shelf
• begins at the shoreline
• slopes gently toward the open ocean
• depth can reach 200 m
• Continental slope
• Starts at the edge of the continental shelf.
• Till the flattest part of ocean floor
• Continental rise
• Base of the continental slope.
• Made of large piles of sediment.
• The boundary between the continental margin.
• Abyssal Plain
• covered by mud
• flat part of deep-ocean.
• Covered by remains of tiny marine organisms
• Average depth= 4000 m

SECTION 3

LIFE IN THE OCEAN

Three groups of Marine Life

1. Plankton- float/drift freely near ocean surface.
1. Phytoplankton
2. Zooplankton
2. Nekton-mammals swim actively on open ocean
1. sea lions
2. dolphins
3. whales
3. Benthos -Live in or on the ocean floor
1. crabs
2. starfish
3. worms
4. corals
5. sponges
6. seaweed
7. clams

The benthic environment

• is the region near the ocean floor and all the organisms that live on or in it.

The Intertidal Zone

• shallowest
• located between the low-tide and high-tide limits.
• twice a day intertidal zone changes
• so the organisms living there would have to be able to live both on land and in water.

The Sublitteral Zone

• Begins where Intertidal Zone ends
• Corals live

The Bathyal Zone

• Zone ranges 200 m to 4000 m below the level.
• NO sunlight= scarce of plant.
• Sponge, brachlopods, sea stars, and octopuses. (live)

The Abyssal Zone

• No plants, few animals.
• Largest ecological Zone
• Sea cucumbers, crabs, sponges.

The Hadal Zone

• Deepest benthic Zone.
• very few organisms found
• Few species of worms, type of sponge, and a type of clam.

The Pelagic Environment

• Zone near the Ocean's surface.

The Neritic Zone

• covers continental shelf.
• Contains the largest concentration of marine life
• Fish, plankton, and marine mammals, such as dolphins.

The Oceanic Zone

• The volume of the water that covers the entire sea floor except for the continental shelf.

SECTION 4 

RESOURCES FROM THE OCEAN

• Fish are the largest group of organisms that are taken from ocean(fishing).
• Nonliving Resources
• Oil
• Natural gas
• Fresh water
• Minerals
• They also fishes a fish and raise ocean fish in fish farm.
• Desalination: A process of removing salt from the sea water.
• The ocean generates a great deal of energy because of its constant movement.

Types of water pollutions

1. Nutrients Pollution
Some waste water, fertilizers and sewage contain high levels of nutrients. If the nutrients go in the water, they encourage algae(a lot) and weed growth in the water. This make water undrinkable and also kill organisms inside the water. Some algae also create toxins which after being consumed by small fish, these toxins move up to foo chains and hurt larger animals like sea lions, dolphins, birds, and big fishes too. Too much algae will also use up all the oxygen in the water, and other water organisms in the water will die out of oxygen from starvation. Or some fishes or animals have to leave or must die.

Real life example: Lake Eire
http://guardianlv.com/2014/03/lake-erie-algae-blooms-point-out-need-to-limit-phosphorus-pollution/

"Lake-eire-algae." Lake-eire-algae. N.p., n.d. Web.

     
2. Surface water pollution
Surface water includes natural water found on the earth's surface, like rivers, lakes, lagoons and oceans. Surface water pollution is caused by huge amount of garbage we throw. The garbage that we throw goes to landfill, then to ocean or river. The garbage will make the water very dirty. The contaminated water would effect the animals under water and also the plants would get effect when they get water through their roots. And also would harm the soils. The animals would also get harm because some animals could eat the plastic or garbage and get sick. However, it could return to people again. The fish could mistakenly eat the plastic and the people catch that fish and then eat it. The cause of this pollution started from us. If we reuse and reduce our things every day little by little, we could help the animals live in the water and also near the water.

Great Pacific garbage patch.
http://www.ocregister.com/articles/plastic-602048-ocean-problem.html

"Just What Is Floating in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch?" The Orange County Register. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2014.

       

3.Chemical Water Pollution
Many industries and farmers work and uses chemicals. It is kind of similar to the oil spillage pollution. The farmers use chemicals to grow their plants faster. All the chemicals they use will end up to water like river or ocean.These chemicals are poisonous to many organisms that live in water like river and oceans. The animals in that area would get killed by the chemicals. Also, metal and solvents are very harmful for the living organism in the water where chemical are released. It makes the development of the living organisms slow. And also a death.

       
4.Oil Spillage
When the accident happen on the ocean, for example the ship wrecked. The ship that carried large amount of oil would all leak out.  The petroleum would harm a lot of things. The birds were no longer able to fly if their wings were stick to the oil. If birds cannot fly, it will be no longer able to live. The fishes die. So their gills and feathers gets ineffective. There would be no organisms can live in the area. Once the oil spills, it takes a lot of time to get them back. 

Real life example: Bp oil spill
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13123036/

"Oil Spill." Oil Spill. N.p., n.d. Web.

Real life example: Florida 2010 BP oil spill.
http://www.bradenton.com/2014/03/11/5039425/florida-still-in-grip-of-2010.html

"Bradenton Herald." Florida Still in Grip of 2010 BP Oil Spill. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2014.

               

              
source
http://eschooltoday.com/pollution/water-pollution/types-of-water-pollution.html

"What Are the Various Types of Water Pollution?" What Are the Various Types of Water Pollution? N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2014.

http://www2.epa.gov/nutrientpollution/effects-environment

"EPA." The Effects: Environment. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2014.

What is soil?

Soil make life

• Plants grow
• Plants-feed almost every livingthings (directly&indirectly)

Life makes soil

• Soil dwellers bactteria ,etc
• Soil recycle once-living organism into nutrients &soil
• Organic matter (humus)

"Without soils life would not exist as we know it"


Soils Breathe

• Organism in the soil respire.
• Most of them take in oxygen to do their work.
• They give carbon dioxide off (like us)

Skin of Earth

• skin of earth-soil
• Soil-mixture of air, minerals, water, decaying remainings of life, and coutless living organisms.
• Many different soils
• Soile-alive
• They age, and breathe
• everywhere in our daily life.

"Different soil “recipes” yield different soils, depending on various “ingredients,” soil-forming factors, and time."

• Soil forms when sediment, organic matter, or rock is deposited or exposed (by water wind or ice)
• Soil develop-as the time goes, by climate, soill organisms, & terrain.
• Soil take shape - water moves minerals & elements from one layer to another, as living organisms take out nutrients, new nutrients form.

• Climate-temperature or etc
• Organisms- borrowing animals & enzyme bacteria & fungi.
• Relief- topography -slope
• Parent material- chemical composition of original inweathered rock
• Time- weathering alsp depends on age(older soils are more weathered than a younger one)

Weathering

Weathering 1

• Terms that describe processes that break down rock in earth's surface.
• Two main classes of weathering process.

• Mechanical

• tear rocks apart by physically destroying them.
• physically fracture or pull rocks apart at large(outcrops, cliffs) scale or small(prying individual mineral grains apart.
• produces smaller fragments with no change in chemicals.
• Weathering processes
• frost wedging
• exfoliation
• thermal expansion
• contraction
• crystal growth
• tree root growth
• abrasion.
• Frost wedging
• Wedging- a fracture(crack) in a rock provides ice with a lot of leverage.
• Temperature go low - upper surface of water freezes first because it is in contact with air.
• The ice cannot expand upward because the surface is already frozen solid.
• So, the ice exerts force outward on the rock as it grows.
• Freeze/thaw
• freezing can wedge the fracture open tiny amount.
• So, it takes many cycles of freezing and thawing with filling the fracture each time to break a piece of rock.
• Exfoliation
• term that describes peeling layers.
• sheets of rock fall aoff from bar rock
• The sheets of rock that fell out from the bare rock are called exfoliation slabs.
• rocks break off due to erosion and it is called "unloading"
• and the water can be entered then frost wedging can process.
• The most common rock igneous rock such as granite.
• exfoliation occurs mostly in mountain regions.
• Thermal Expansion
• crystals of rock also expands when they are repeated heat and be cooled.
• But this expansion and a contraction can loosen grains of a rock and enough to cause weathering.
• Rocks are poor conductors of heat.
• Grain by grain breakage maks this a slow process.
• Crystal Growth
• salt crystals grows in rock fractures or small porse between sedimentary grains causes rock to break.
• This happens when the slalty water gets into the rocks and later evaporate.
• Tree roots
• Wedging phenomenon
• Caused by tree
• grow in the fracture
• stress break rock
• Abrasion
• simply mechanism of rocks breaking or wearing down by the direct actons of rocks.
• Rock falling down the cliff-the rock break into pecies.

• Chemical   

• break down rocks atom by atom.
• chemical reactions.
• water- carries charged atoms or molecules.
• chemical weathering process
• Dissolution
• Oxidation
• Hydrolysis

• Climate and weathering

• Intimately involved in the processes of weathering.
• Hot & wet climate condition - chemical weathering.
• Cold - Physical weathering.
• Dry region- slower weathering.
• "Rain shadow" produces when air mass dries out and mountains and plains receive less water.

Weathering 2

• 3 types of weathering
• Physical
• Physical changes such as temperature, freezing and thawing, and the effects of wind, rain and waves.
• Temperature changes
• Hot -expands
• Cold - contracts
• This repeat, the rock cracks and fall off.
• Wind rain and waves.
• Wind-blows tiny sands against the rock.
• Rain, wave- wear the rock for long period of time.
• Freeze/Thaw
• If the water freezes in the crack, the ice expands and make the crack fall.
• Chemical- wear by chemical
• Biological- wear by plants and animal.
• Erosion:  Movement of the broken pieces of rock going away from the site of weathering.
• Transport: Rivers and streams move pieces of rock.