NOTE TAKING : OCEANS!

SECTION 1 

:EARTH'S OCEAN!

• 71% of the Earth's Surface is covered with water.
• Global Ocean is divided by to continents into four oceans.
• Pacific Ocean- Largest Ocean
• Atlantic Ocean- Second largest Ocean (half of Pacific Ocean)
• Indian Ocean- third largest ocean
• Arctic Ocean-Smallest Ocean

How Did The Oceans Form?

• About 4.5 Billion years ago, there were no oceans.
• Volcanoes spewed lava,ash, and gases all over the planet.
• The volcanic gases began to form Earth's atmosphere.
• And earth is cooling.
• 4 billion years ago, Earth cooled enough for water to condense.
• And then, this water began to fall as rain.
• The rain filled the deeper levels of Earth's surface, and the ocean formed.
• The shape of oceans changed over time.

Ocean water is Salty

• The salt in the Ocean is the same kind of salt we put in our food.
• The salt is called sodium chloride.
• Salts have been added to the ocean for billions of years.
• As river and streams flow toward the oceans, they dissolve various minerals.
• And the running water carries these dissolved minerals to the ocean.
• At the same time, the water leaves the dissolved solids behind.
• The most abundant dissolved solids in the ocean is sodium chloride.
• The component consists of the elements sodium: Na, and chlorine:Cl.
• The percentage of Dissolved solid in Ocean water.
• Chlorine =    55.0%
• Sodium  =    30.6%
• Magnesium=7.7%
• Sulfur     =    3.7%
• Calcium=     1.2%
• Potassium=  1.1%
• Others=       0.7%

Chock-Full of Solids

• A measure of thee amount of dissolved solids in a water, amount of liquid is called Salinity.
• Salinity is usually measured as grams of dissolved solids per kilogram of water. ( 1kg= 1000g)

Climate Affects Salinity

• Some parts of the ocean are saltier than others.
• Depends in places with hotter, drier climates typically has more salt.
• Reason is that it increases the evaporation rate.
• Evaporation leaves salts and other dissolved solids behind.
• Salinity lower in cooler places.

Water Movement Affects Salinity

• Water movements also affects Salinity.
• Some parts of the ocean, such as bays, gulfs, and seas, move less than other parts.
• Parts of the ocean that do not have currents running through them can also be slow moving.
• Slower moving areas of water develop higher salinity.

Temperature Zones

• Temperature of ocean water decreases as depth increases.
• However, this temperature change does not happen gradually from the ocean's surface to its bottom.
• Water in ocean can be divided into three layers by temperature.
• Surface Zone
• Warm, top layer of the ocean water.
• Can extend to 300 m below sea level.
• Thermocline
• Second layer.
• Can be extend from 300 m below sea level to 700 m below sea level.
• Temperature drops with increased depth faster than it does in the other two zones.
• Deep Zone
• most bottom zone
• temperature can be 1'C to 3'C.

Water Cycle

• Water Cycle=  The continuous movement of water from the ocean to the atmosphere to the land back to the ocean.
• Condensation
• Evaporation
• Precipitation

Global Thermostat

• The ocean plays important role- keeps the Earth suitable for life. 
• Important function- absorb energy from the sunlight.
• Absorbing the energy from sunlight regulates temperature in the atmosphere.

A Thermal Exchange

• Ocean release Thermal energy much more slower than dry land.

Have Heat, Will Travel

• The ocean regulates temperatures at different location of the Earth.
• At the equator, the sun's rays are more direct than at the poles.
• In result. the water there are warmer than water at higher latitudes.

SECTION 2

:THE OCEAN FLOOR

Seeing By Sonar

• Sonar stands for sound navigation and ranging.
• Scientists use sonar to determine the ocean's depth by sending sound pulse from a ship.
• The sound moves through the water, bounces off the ocean floor, and returns to the ship.
• The longer it takes the depth is deeper.
• Then, scientists calculate the depth by multiplying half the travel time by the speed in water (about 1,500 m/s) 

Oceanography via Satellite

• Satellite- used to measure the direction and speed of ocean currents.
• In 1978, scientists launched satellite seasat which focused on ocean.

Studying the Ocean with Geosat

• Geosat, Once a top-secret military satellite.
• Has been used to measure slight changes in the height of the ocean's surface, different underwater features, such as mountains and trenches, affect the height of the water above them.

The Ocean Floor

• Continental Shelf
• begins at the shoreline
• slopes gently toward the open ocean
• depth can reach 200 m
• Continental slope
• Starts at the edge of the continental shelf.
• Till the flattest part of ocean floor
• Continental rise
• Base of the continental slope.
• Made of large piles of sediment.
• The boundary between the continental margin.
• Abyssal Plain
• covered by mud
• flat part of deep-ocean.
• Covered by remains of tiny marine organisms
• Average depth= 4000 m

SECTION 3

LIFE IN THE OCEAN

Three groups of Marine Life

1. Plankton- float/drift freely near ocean surface.
1. Phytoplankton
2. Zooplankton
2. Nekton-mammals swim actively on open ocean
1. sea lions
2. dolphins
3. whales
3. Benthos -Live in or on the ocean floor
1. crabs
2. starfish
3. worms
4. corals
5. sponges
6. seaweed
7. clams

The benthic environment

• is the region near the ocean floor and all the organisms that live on or in it.

The Intertidal Zone

• shallowest
• located between the low-tide and high-tide limits.
• twice a day intertidal zone changes
• so the organisms living there would have to be able to live both on land and in water.

The Sublitteral Zone

• Begins where Intertidal Zone ends
• Corals live

The Bathyal Zone

• Zone ranges 200 m to 4000 m below the level.
• NO sunlight= scarce of plant.
• Sponge, brachlopods, sea stars, and octopuses. (live)

The Abyssal Zone

• No plants, few animals.
• Largest ecological Zone
• Sea cucumbers, crabs, sponges.

The Hadal Zone

• Deepest benthic Zone.
• very few organisms found
• Few species of worms, type of sponge, and a type of clam.

The Pelagic Environment

• Zone near the Ocean's surface.

The Neritic Zone

• covers continental shelf.
• Contains the largest concentration of marine life
• Fish, plankton, and marine mammals, such as dolphins.

The Oceanic Zone

• The volume of the water that covers the entire sea floor except for the continental shelf.

SECTION 4 

RESOURCES FROM THE OCEAN

• Fish are the largest group of organisms that are taken from ocean(fishing).
• Nonliving Resources
• Oil
• Natural gas
• Fresh water
• Minerals
• They also fishes a fish and raise ocean fish in fish farm.
• Desalination: A process of removing salt from the sea water.
• The ocean generates a great deal of energy because of its constant movement.